A major challenge for manufacturing is how to produce more using less resources. This has two key approaches, firstly how to save materials through new manufacturing approaches and secondly how to minimise energy consumption during manufacturing. The emphasis of new materials and to some extent existing materials is on manufacturing at scale, whilst achieving the flexibility and responsiveness needed to accommodate changes in market demand. Products of the future are expected to be more complex (3D, nano-micro-meso-macro-scale, smart), so processes need to handle complexity and enhanced functionality whilst not adding or at least minimizing cost.